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Producción minera en Apurímac no recupera niveles prepandemia

Informe IPE – Chaski (Apurímac)

La minería cumple un rol clave en el crecimiento económico del Perú. La actividad minera genera encadenamientos positivos con otros sectores económicos,

contribuye a la generación de empleos -directos e indirectos- y es una significativa fuente de recursos fiscales para los gobiernos subnacionales. Dada su importancia, resulta relevante analizar cómo ha sido el desempeño de la actividad minera en la región Apurímac en los últimos años.

Producción de minerales

La producción minera en Apurímac aún no alcanza sus niveles prepandemia. Al analizar la producción de cada mineral se observa que, entre enero y noviembre del 2021 se produjo 278 mil toneladas de cobre, monto inferior a la producción del mismo periodo en el 2019 (348 mil toneladas). Por otro lado, la producción de oro registró una caída de 30% entre la producción del 2021 y el 2019. Solo la producción de molibdeno logró superar sus niveles prepandemia, al producir 4936 toneladas en el 2021 frente a solo 1752 en el 2019, lo que representó un crecimiento de 181.7%.

Inversión y empleo

La inversión minera en la región registró un crecimiento de 10.1% entre enero y noviembre de 2021 respecto al mismo periodo del 2019. De esta forma, la inversión, que incluye intervenciones en equipamiento minero, exploración, infraestructura, desarrollo y preparación, entre otros; fue de US$ 213,3 millones en el acumulado de enero a noviembre de 2021. Esta cifra, aunque estuvo por encima de lo invertido en el 2020 (US$ 174,3 millones), se situó por debajo de lo registrado en 2019 (US$ 237,5 millones).

Además de ello, la región también ha registrado un aumento en el nivel de empleo generado por la actividad minera. Según el Ministerio de Energía y Minas, en noviembre del 2021, la actividad minera generaba 9,046 puestos de trabajo, lo que representa un incremento de 13.4% respecto a lo registrado en el mismo mes del año 2020 (7,971 puestos). Sin embargo, la cantidad de empleos sigue siendo inferior a lo reportado en el 2019 (9,782)

Riesgos para el sector

Uno de los principales riesgos para la producción minera en la región son los conflictos sociales. Actualmente, Apurímac cuenta con 5 conflictos socioambientales activos y 2 latentes según el último reporte de la Defensoría del Pueblo. Esto resulta relevante debido a que, de acuerdo con el Banco Central de Reserva, la actividad minera que se realiza en lugares donde la empresa privada, las comunidades y las autoridades locales se encuentran en consenso, genera mayores beneficios a la sociedad.

Es por ello que, con miras a un correcto crecimiento del sector minero en la región, será necesario que el Estado pueda encontrar soluciones a los pedidos de todas las partes involucradas en los conflictos latentes.

Importancia de la minería

El sector minero trae diversos beneficios para la economía nacional. Por un lado, genera beneficios a nivel macroeconómico, debido a que esta actividad representa aproximadamente el 10% del PBI nacional, el 60% de las exportaciones, el 16% de la inversión privada y como consecuencia, genera ingresos para el Estado mediante tributos.

Por otro lado, a nivel microeconómico, la minería beneficia a los hogares. Según Loayza y Rigolini (2016) los hogares que se encuentran en los distritos productores de minerales tienen mayores niveles de consumo y menores probabilidades de caer en pobreza.

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