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Áncash: el 38% de niños menores de 3 años de edad presentó anemia en 2020

Informe IPE – Diario de Chimbote (Áncash)

Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la anemia es una de las enfermedades más frecuentes a nivel mundial, con mayor incidencia en niños en edad preescolar y mujeres.

Se trata de un trastorno que ocurre cuando no se tiene la cantidad adecuada de glóbulos rojos, lo que afecta la capacidad de transportar oxígeno de la sangre y limita las funciones del organismo.

A nivel nacional, se estima que el 40% de niños menores de 3 años de edad presentó anemia en 2020, mientras que en la región Áncash esta cifra alcanzó el 38%. Dado que ambas cifras aún se mantienen por encima del 20% a partir del cual la OMS considera la anemia un problema de salud pública, resulta importante analizar su evolución, sus causas y consecuencias.

Evolución de la anemia en el Perú

Entre los años 2000 y 2011, la prevalencia de anemia en niños menores de 3 años en el Perú se redujo notablemente, al pasar de 61% a 42%. De forma similar, el porcentaje de niños con anemia en Áncash se redujo de 72% a 42% durante el mismo periodo. Sin embargo, desde el 2012, la velocidad de mejora se redujo. Así, en el periodo 2012-2020, solo se logró una reducción de la prevalencia de anemia de 4.2 puntos porcentuales en Áncash y de 1.6 puntos a nivel nacional.

A pesar de los avances logrados, los niveles de anemia 2020 en las zonas rurales del país (48%) aún son significativamente mayores a los de las zonas urbanas (37%) a nivel nacional. Del mismo modo, en Áncash, el porcentaje de anemia en menores de 3 años en 2019 en las zonas rurales (52%) era mayor al de las zonas urbanas de la región (32%).

Para el 2020, la diferencia en la prevalencia de anemia también se mantuvo a nivel de costa (34%), selva (46%) y sierra (49%). A nivel regiones, Puno presentó la mayor incidencia (69%) en el país, mientras que otras regiones como Huánuco (39%) y Áncash (38%) se ubican por debajo del promedio nacional.

Anemia por deficiencia de hierro

Si bien la anemia se puede ocasionar por diversas causas, la OMS estima que más de la mitad de los casos son producto de la deficiencia de hierro en el organismo. Según los resultados de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del INEI, el consumo de suplemento de hierro en niños menores a 3 años en Áncash aumento de 15.9% a 34.9% entre 2010 y 2020, en ese sentido, ello podría explicar la disminución de los niveles de anemia en los últimos años. Este hecho es reconocido por el gobierno, por lo que desde el 2005 este viene incentivando el consumo de hierro a través del Programa Juntos como principal estrategia para combatir la anemia.

Consecuencias

Según un estudio realizado por GRADE, los impactos negativos de la anemia por deficiencia de hierro sobre el desarrollo humano se reflejan principalmente en las pérdidas de productividad, esto debido a que la anemia afecta el desarrollo cognitivo de los niños. Con ello, se genera un impacto sobre su productividad y desempeño laboral en el largo plazo.

Adicionalmente, la anemia en gestantes está relacionada con partos prematuros, lo que implica además el desembolso de recursos por parte del Estado. El estudio estima que la anemia le cuesta aproximadamente S/ 2,777 millones a la sociedad peruana, mientras que el costo de prevención es significativamente menor y rodea los S/ 18 millones. En ese sentido, se requiere continuar con las políticas públicas orientadas a la reducción de la anemia.

1425 comentarios

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